![]() ![]() The disease is usually induced by subcutaneous injection of sterile air at the back of the rats. The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis effects of bee pollen in the air pouch model of inflammation in rat. Previous studies indicated that bee pollen contains proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, antioxidants such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, various types of vitamins such as B1, B2, E ( 5, 6). In addition to honey, bee products, bee pollen: royal jelly, propolis, and wax are not only edible but also have therapeutic activities ( 5).īee pollen, a mixture of pollen from plant flowers and bee salivary secretions, is consumed by humans as a food supplement ( 6). Today, attempts are being made to develop drugs with lower cost and minimal side effects but desirable and effective anti-inflammatory effects ( 2).Īpitherapy or treatment based on bee products has been used since ancient times to treat burns, ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, and cancers in recent years ( 3, 4). The use of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which have been main intervention for RA treatment, are restricted due to their side effects. The disease is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation and joint damage, which leads to pain, fatigue, and low quality of life ( 1). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease affecting approximately 1% of the world’s population. The supernatant was filtered and the hemoglobin concentration was determined using a spectrophotometer. In order to investigate the angiogenesis, the granulation tissue was removed, homogenized in the Drabkin’s reagent, and then centrifuged. Following sacrificing the rats the pouch was opened and the exudate volume, leukocyte accumulation, granulation tissue weight, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were determined 3 days after induction of inflammation. Normal saline in the control group and bee pollen methanolic extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/pouch) were administered at day 6, simultaneously with carrageenan, and then for 2 consecutive days only normal saline and the extracts were injected. On day 6, inflammation was induced by intrapouch injection of carrageenan. To achieve this goal, male rats were moderately anesthetized and then 20 and 10 mL of sterile air were subcutaneously injected into the intrascapular area of the back of the rat on first and third days, respectively. ![]()
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